In An Overview of Key Theoretical Problems in Justice, Dr. Reza Gholami embarks on an intellectual journey to explore one of the most fundamental yet complex concepts in human civilization: justice. The book delves into the philosophical and practical challenges of defining and implementing justice, offering a comprehensive analysis that spans historical theories, ethical dilemmas, and contemporary global issues.

At the heart of the book lies a fundamental question: What is justice, and how should it be understood? The author examines whether justice is an absolute, universal principle or a relative concept shaped by historical and cultural contexts. To answer this, he critically engages with major philosophical perspectives, including John Rawls’ theory of justice as fairness, which emphasizes equality and moral reasoning through the veil of ignorance; utilitarian views by Bentham and Mill, which focus on maximizing collective well-being; Nozick’s libertarian justice, which prioritizes individual freedoms and property rights; and Marxist interpretations, which view justice through the lens of class struggle and economic redistribution. By comparing these perspectives, the book provides a nuanced understanding of how justice has been theorized across different intellectual traditions.

Beyond theory, the book explores the relationship between justice and social values. It raises thought-provoking questions about the balance between justice and freedom, equality and meritocracy, and the role of religion in shaping justice. Should justice always prioritize equality, or should it reward talent and effort? Can justice exist independently of morality, or does it require a moral foundation? These questions form the basis of broader debates on justice as a guiding principle for governance and society.